Secondary Resource References

Secondary Source Resources

Books

Aso, Tetsuo. From Shanghai to Shanghai: The War Diary of an Imperial Japanese Army Medical Officer, 1937–1941, Eastbridge, 2017.
Duiker, William J., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. World History. 5th ed., Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2006.
Bentley, J. H., and Herbert F. Ziegler. Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
Bentley, J. H., Herbert F. Ziegler, and Heather E. Streets-Salter. Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past. 6th ed. Vol. 2. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2015.
California Department of Education. History Social Science Framework for California Public Schools: Kindergarten Through Grade Twelve, Sacramento, 2017.
“Comfort Women” Stories Seen Through Documents, Photos, and Testimonies, 『문서와 사진, 증언으로 보는 일본군 ‘위안부’ 이야기』, South Korea: Seoul Metropolitan Government and Seoul National University Human Rights Center, 2016.
Felton, Mark. The Real Tenko: The Extraordinary True Stories of Women Prisoners of the Japanese, Pen and Sword, 2009.
Galang, Evelina. Lolas’ House: Filipino Women Living with War, Northwestern University Press, 2017.
House of Sharing. The Museum of Sexual Slavery by Japanese Military: An English Translation, South Korea.
Jung, Jin Sung. The U.S. Records on the Japanese Military “Comfort Women,” 『일본군 ‘위안부’ 관계 미국 자료 I, II, III』, 3 vols. South Korea, 2019.
Kang, Jeong-sook. Do you Know the “Comfort Women” of the Imperial Japanese Military? 『일본군 '위안부' 알고 있나요?』, The Independence Hall of Korea, South Korea, 2015.
Kim, Kum-Sook. Grass, 『풀』, 보리 Bori, 2017.
Kim, Jonathan D., Christopher Sung, and Min Suh Lee. Comfort Women: New Perspectives, 2019.
Kingston, Jeff. Japanese Revisionists’ Meddling Backfires. New York: Routledge, 2019.
Korea Chongshinddae’s Institute and The Korean Council. True Stories of the Korean Comfort Women, 『강제로 끌려간 조선인 군위안부들 I』, Vol.1. South Korea: 한울 Hanul, 1993.
Korea Chongshindae’s Institute and The Korean Council. True Stories of the Korean Comfort Women,『강제로 끌려간 조선인 군위안부들』, Vol. 2. South Korea: 한울 Hanul, 1997.
Korea Chongshindae’s Institute and The Korean Council. True Stories of the Korean Comfort Women,『강제로 끌려간 조선인 군위안부들』, Vol. 3. South Korea: 한울 Hanul, 1999.
Korea Chongshindae’s Institute, True Stories of the Korean Comfort Women Taken to China,『중국으로 끌려간 조선인 군위안부들』, Vol. 1. South Korea: 한울 Hanul, 1995.
Korea Chongshindae ’s Institute, True Stories of the Korean Comfort Women Taken to China,『중국으로 끌려간 조선인 군위안부들』, Vol. 2. South Korea: 한울 Hanul, 2003.
The Korean Council. Stories that Make History,『역사를만드는 이야기』, South Korea, 2004.
The Korean Council. True Stories of the Korean Comfort Women, Cassell Global Issues Series. Cassell & Company, 1996.
Korean Testimony Team for Women’s Tribunal. History Rewritten by Memory,『 기억으로 다시 쓰는 역사: 강제로 끌려간 조선인 군위안부들 4』, South Korea: 풀빛 Pulbit, 2001.
Murase, Moriyasu. My China Front, 『私の従軍中国戦線』, Japan, 1987.
Norma, Caroline. The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery during the China and Pacific Wars, New York: Bloomsbury, 2017.
Northeast Asian History Foundation. 『일본군 '위안부' 문제와 일본의 역사수정정책』, South Korea, 2018.
Park, In-Hwan. Can You Hear Us? The Untold Narratives of Comfort Women, 『들리나요? 열두 소녀 이야기』, The Commission on Verification and Support for the Victims of Forced Mobilization under Japanese Colonialism in Korea, 2014.
Qui, Peipei, and Su Zhiliang. Chinese Comfort Women: Testimonies from Imperial Japan’s Sex Slaves, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Records Memories: Stories of “Comfort Women,” Untold Words, 『기록 기억: 일본군 ‘위안부’ 이야기, 다 듣지 못한 말들』, South Korea, 2019.
Research Institute on Japanese Military Sexual Slavery. Names Found from Overpainted Records,『덧칠된 기록에서찾은 이름들』, South Korea, 2019.
Research Institute on Japanese Military Sexual Slavery. Korean Translations of Japanese Military Sexy Slave Related Documents, 『일본군 ‘위안부’관련 번역자료집』, 2 vols. South Korea, 2019.
Seoul Metropolitan Government and Seoul National University Human Rights Center. Taken, Abandoned, Now Standing Before Us, 『끌려가다, 버려지다, 우리 앞에 서다 I, II』, 2 vols. South Korea, 2018.
Tanaka, Yuki. Japan’s Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution during World War II and the U.S. Occupation. New York: Routledge, 2002.
The Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal for the Trial of Japan’s Military Sexual Slavery. Judgement on the Common Indictment and the Application for Restitution and Reparation, Dec. 4, 2001.
Yoshimi, Yoshiaki. Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military during World War II. Trans. Suzanne O’Brien. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
Yoon, Mee-Hyang. 25 Years of Wednesdays. South Korea, 2019.
Yun, Myungsuk. Korean Military Comfort Women and Japanese Comfort Women System, 『조선인 군위안부와 일본군 위안소제도』, 이학사 Ehaksa, 2015.

United Nations Reports and Resolutions
General Assembly and Commission on Human Rights

Coomaraswamy, Radhika. Further Promotion and Encouragement of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Including the Question of the Programme and Methods of Work of the Commission: Alternative Approaches and Ways and Means Within the United Nations System for Improving the Effective Enjoyment of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, UN Commission on Human Rights, 52nd session, E/CN.4/1996/53/Add.1, Jan. 4, 1996, available from http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/ commission/country52/53-add1.htm (accessed Feb. 10, 2018).
Japan/S. Korea: The Long Awaited Apology to ‘Comfort Women’ Victims is Yet to Come, United Nations, Human Office of High Commissioner, March 14, 2016.
Manjoo, Rashida. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, its Causes and Consequences, UN Human Rights Council, 14th session, A/HRC/14/22, April 23, 2010.
McDougall, Gay J. Systematic Rape, Sexual Slavery and Slavery-Like Practices During Armed Conflict: Final Report, UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 50th session, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/13, June 22, 1998. www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f44114.html (accessed Feb. 10, 2018).
Note to Correspondents: In Response to Questions on the Meeting between the Secretary-General and Prime Minister Abe of Japan, United Nations Secretary General [New York], May 28, 2017, available from www.un.org/sg/en/content/ sg/note-correspondents/2017-05-28/note-correspondents-response-questions-meeting-between (accessed Feb. 10, 2018).
Note Verbale Dated 26 March 1996 from the Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations Office at Geneva Addresses to the Centre for Human Rights, UN Commission on Human Rights, 52nd session, E/CN.4/1996/137, March 27, 1996.
Report on the Mission to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Republic of Korea and Japan on the Issue of Military Sexual Slavery in Wartime, Commission on Human Rights, 52nd session, E/CN.4/1996/53/Add.1, Jan. 4, 1996, available from hrlibrary.umn.edu/commission/country52/53-add1.htm (accessed Feb. 10, 2018).
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly. Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the 67th Session of the General Assembly on the Rule of Law at the National and International Levels, UN General Assembly on the rule of law at the national and
international levels, 67th Session, A/RES/67/1, Nov. 30, 2012, available from https://www.refworld.org/docid/50c5e6e02.html.
Systematic Rape, Sexual Slavery, and Slavery-Like Practices, Sub-Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2000/13, E/CN.4/Sub.2/ Res/2000/13, Aug. 17, 2000. (accessed Feb. 10, 2018).

Security Council

UN Security Council resolution 1325, Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, S/RES/1325, 4213th mtg., Oct. 31, 2000, available from www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/wps/ (accessed Feb. 10, 2018).
UN Security Council resolution 1820, Resolution 1820 on Women and peace and security, S/RES/1820, 5916th mtg., June 2008, available from http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sc9364.doc.htm (accessed Feb. 10, 2018).

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

Concluding Observations on the Combined Seventh and Eighth Periodic Reports of Japan, CEDAW, 63rd session, C/ JPN/CO/7-8, March 7, 2016, available from tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared%20Documents/JPN/CEDAW_C_JPN_CO_7-8_21666_E.pdf (accessed Feb. 10, 2018).
Japan: The ‘Comfort Women’ Issue, United Nations, NGO Shadow Report to CEDAW, 44th session, 2009.
The Korean Council. Recommendations on the Japanese Military Sexual Slavery (‘comfort women’) Issue by UN Human Rights Bodies, 15th Session, November 2015, available from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CED/Shared%20Documents/JPN/ INT_CED_CSS_JPN_32759_E.pdf (accessed Feb. 10, 2018).

UN Committee against Torture (CAT)

Concluding Observations on the Third to Fifth Periodic Reports of the Republic of Korea, UN Committee Against Torture, 60th session, May 11, 2017, available from http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CAT/Shared%20Documents/KOR/ CAT_C_KOR_CO_3-5_27468_E.pdf (accessed Feb. 10, 2018).

International Criminal Court (ICC)

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, International Criminal Court, available from https://www.icc-cpi.int/resource-library/documents/rs-eng.pdf (accessed Feb. 10, 2018).

International Labor Organization (ILO)

Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (N0. 29), Japan (Ratification: 1932), International Labor Organization, 105th session, 2016, available from https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:13100:0::NO::P13100_COMMENT_ID:3256111 (accessed 2019).

Statements from Japanese Officials

Abe, Shinzo. Toward an Alliance of Hope—Address to a Joint Meeting of the U.S. Congress by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, April 29, 2015, available from japan.kantei.go.jp/97_abe/statement/201504/uscongress. html.
Abe, Shinzo. 70th Anniversary of the End of the War—Statement by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, Aug. 14, 2015, available from https://japan.kantei.go.jp/97_abe/statement/201508/0814statement.html.
Igarashi, Kozo. On the Establishment of the Asian Fund for Women, Digital Museum: The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women’s Fund, June 14, 1995, available from https://www.awf.or.jp/e6/statement-07.html.
Kan, Naoto. Tremendous Damage and Sufferings That This Colonial Rule Caused, Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, Aug. 10, 2010, available from https://japan.kantei.go.jp/kan/statement/201008/10danwa_e.html.
Kato, Koichi. On the Issue of the So-called “Wartime Comfort Women” from the Korean Peninsula, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, July 6, 1992, available from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/postwar/state9207.html.
Koizumi, Junichiro. Letter from Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to the Former Comfort Women, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2001, available from https://www.mofa.go.jp/a_o/rp/page25e_000352.html#:~:text=As%20Prime%20Minister%20 of%20Japan,psychological%20wounds%20as%20comfort%20women.
Koizumi, Junichiro. Statement by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Aug. 15, 2005, available from www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/8/0815.html.
Kono, Yohei. On the Result of the Study on the Issue of “Comfort Women,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Aug. 4, 1993, available from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/women/fund/state9308.html (accessed Feb. 10, 2018).
On the Issue of Wartime “Comfort Women,” Cabinet Councillor’s Office on External Affairs of Japan, Aug. 4, 1993, available from E/CN.4/1996/137, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/235299?ln=en.
Murayama, Tomiichi. On the “Peace, Friendship, and Exchange Initiative,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Aug. 13, 1994, available from https://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/press/pm/murayama/state9408.html.
Murayama, Tomiichi. On the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the War’s End, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Aug. 15, 1995, available from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/press/pm/murayama/9508.html.
Murayama, Tomiichi. The Statement by President of the Asian Women’s Fund at the Final Press Conference, Digital Museum: The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women’s Fund, March 6, 2007, available from http://www.awf.or.jp/e3/dissolution.html.
Obuchi, Keizo. Japan-Republic of Korea Joint Declaration: A New Japan-Republic of Korea Partnership towards the Twenty-First Century, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Oct. 8, 1998, available from www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/

“Comfort Women” Issues in the News

“Abe Denies He Will Send a Letter of Apology to Former ‘Comfort Women,’” The Mainichi, Oct. 3, 2016.
“Abe Stresses Need to Advance Issue of Japanese Abduction by N. Korea,” The Mainichi, April 22, 2018.
Bema, Adam. “South Korea: World’s Longest Protest over Comfort Women,” Al Jazeera, Sept. 7, 2017.
Chao, Zhu, and Liu Xiuling. “Interview: Abe’s Constitutional Revision Push to Damage Japan’s Credibility: Historian,” Xinhua: Asia- Pacific Edition, March 11, 2015.
Choi, Mirang [최미랑]. “정현백 여가부 장관 “화해•치유재단 올해 안에 청산: An Interview with Hyun-back Chung,” Kyunghyang Shinmun, Jan. 23, 2018.
Choe, Sang-Hun. “‘We No Longer Need’ Nuclear or Missile Tests, North Korean Leader Says,” The New York Times, April 20, 2018.
Cinco, Maricar. “‘Abused Korean Girl’ Statue Removed After Japan Protest,” Philippines Daily Inquirer, Jan. 2, 2019.
Davis, River. “Yasuhiro Nakasone, Japanese Leader Who Revived Postwar Military, Dies,” The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 29, 2019.
“Exclusive: Wartime Documents Shed Light on Japan Gov't Role in Recruiting ‘Comfort Women,’” Kyodo News, Dec. 6, 2019.
Jameson, Sam. “Nakasone’s Visit to Wartime Shrine Criticized,” The Los Angeles Times, Aug. 16, 1985.
“Japanese Army Demanded One ‘Comfort Woman’ for Every 70 Soldiers, Documents Show,” South China Morning Post, Dec. 7, 2019.
“Japanese Gov’t Disappointed Over Laguna Statue,” The Daily Manila Simbun, Dec. 30, 2018.
Ji, Yusuk [지유석]. “과거 일본이 저지른 잘못은 내 잘못 ‘위안부’피해자 할머니 앞 무릎 꿇은 일본인,” Oh My News, Oct. 19, 2016.
Kim, Bo-hyeop, and Hwang Ye-rang, “Moon Hints to Abe that Reconciliation and Healing Foundation Needs to be Disbanded,” The Hankyoreh, Sept. 27, 2018.
Kim, Jae-heun. “Gov’t Dismantles ‘Comfort Women’ Foundation,” The Hankyoreh, Nov. 21, 2018.
Kim, Jung-Hyo [김정효]. “문 대통령, 아베 만나 ‘위안부 화해치유재단’ 해산 뜻 통보.” The Hankyoreh, Sep. 26, 2018.
Kim, Mikyoung. “The US the Big Winner in ‘Comfort Women’ Agreement,” East Asia Forum, Jan. 1, 2016.
Kim, Puja. “The Flawed Japan-ROK Attempt to Resolve the Controversy Over Wartime Sexual Slavery and the Case of Park Yuha,” The Asia-Pacific Journal, March 1, 2016.
Kingston, Jeff. “Japan’s Prime Minister Could Solve the ‘Comfort Women’ Issue Once and For All. So Why Won’t He?” The Washington Post, Jan. 22, 2017.
Knight, Heather. “Memorialize Wartime Sex Slaves Known as ‘Comfort Women,’ or Just Move On?” San Francisco Chronicle, Sep. 12, 2017.
Kristoff, Nicholas D. “Japan Apologizes Forcefully for its Occupation of Korea,” The New York Times, Oct. 9, 1998.
Lee, Jeong A [이정아]. “[포토] 김복동·길원옥 할머니, 재일 조선학교에 후원금,” The Hankyoreh, Sep. 28, 2018.
Lee, Sukwoo [이석우]. “‘위안부 문제에 앞장’ 日정치인 모토오카·오카자키 잇단 별세,” Seoul Shinmun, July 14, 2017.
Lee, Wooyoung. “UN Panel Recommends Japan to Compensate Comfort Women Victims,” UPI, Nov. 20, 2018.
“Memoir of Comfort Woman Tells of ‘Hell for Women,’” China Daily, July 6, 2007.
Min, Young-Kyu [민영규]. “필리핀에 ‘평화의 소녀상’ 건립…이번엔 日방해 견딜까,” Yonhap, Dec. 28, 2018.
Norimatsu, Satoko. “Reexamining the ‘Comfort Women’ Issue 改めて慰安婦問題の本質を問う: An Interview with Yoshimi Yoshiaki,” The Asia Pacific Journal, Jan. 5, 2015.
Oba, Mintaro. “Japan’s Terrible Mistake on ‘Comfort Women,’” The Diplomat, Jan. 14, 2017.
Onishi, Norimitsu. “Yasuhiro Nakasone, Assertive Prime Minister of Japan, Dies at 101,” The New York Times, Nov. 28, 2019.
Parry, Richard. “Nakasone: Board Games,” Asia Exile, March 26, 2007.
Talmadge, Eric. “Former ‘Comfort Woman’ Broke Silence of Shame,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, July 8, 2007.
Shin, Hyonhee. “South Korea Not Seeking to Renegotiate ‘Comfort Women’ Deal with Japan: S Korea Foreign Minister,” Reuters, Jan. 8, 2018.
“Shinzo Abe Rebuffs Japanese Lawmaker’s Request for Personal Comfort Women Apology,” The Hankyoreh, Jan. 13, 2016.
See, Aie. “Artist Hurting Over Banished ‘Comfort Woman’ Statue,” Inquirer.net, May 6, 2018.
See, Aie, and Nestor Burgos. “Comfort Women Statue Greets Boracay Visitors,” Inquirer.net, Feb. 7, 2019.
Shanaha, Noreen. “The NI Interview: Kim Soon-duk,” New Internationalist, May 5, 1999. Sieg, Linda. “Japan Won’t Apologize for WW2 Sex Slaves: PM,” Reuters, March 5, 2007.
Tabuchi, Hiroko. “Prime Minister Denies Women Were Forced Into WWII Brothels,” The Washington Post, March 2, 2007.
Takeda, Hajimu. “S. Korean Task Force Criticizes ‘Comfort Women’ Deal Set in 2015,” The Asahi Shimbun, Dec. 28, 2017.
“UN Panel Calls for Revising ‘Comfort Women’ Accord to Add Compensation, Reassurances for Koreans,” The Japan Times, May 13, 2017.
“UN Chief Supports Japan-South Korea ‘Comfort Women’ Agreement,” The Japan Times, May 28, 2017.
“UN Rights Expert Airs Concern about Japan’s Freedom of Expression,” The Japan Times, May 30, 2017.
“Violence Against Women in War-NET Japan, Responsibility Denied: Japan's Debate Over the Comfort Women,” The Asia Pacific-Journal, March 1, 2007.
You, Tracy, Alastair Tancred, and Tiffany Lo. “Never-Before-Seen Footage Shows the Corpses of Dozens of WWII Korean Sex-Slaves Dumped After They Were Raped and Killed by Japanese Soldiers,” Daily Mail, Feb. 28, 2018.

Lawsuits in the News

“Sex Slaves Put Japan on Trial,” BBC News, Dec. 8, 2000.
“‘Comfort Women’ Secure Historic Courtroom Victory,” The Irish Times, April 28, 1998.
“Japan Court Rules against ‘Comfort Women,’” CNN Reuters, March 29, 2001.
Hayashi, Yuka. “How ‘Comfort Women’ Court Ruling Led To Kyoto Dinner Tiff,” The Wall Street Journal, June 5, 2013.
Miller, Bill. “U.S. Resists ‘Comfort Women’ Suit,” The Washington Post, May 14, 2001.
Totsuka, Etsuro. “Commentary on a Victory for ‘Comfort Women’: Japan’s Judicial Recognition of Military Sexual Slavery,” 8 Pac. Rim L. & Pol’y J. 47, 1999.

Nobel Peace Prize and “Comfort Women”

Callimachi, Rukmini et al. “2018 Nobel Peace Prize Awarded to Yazidi Activist and Congolese Doctor,” The New York Times, Oct. 5, 2018.
Ok, Kiwon [옥기원]. “노벨평화상 무퀘게 “일본인도 성폭력에 맞설 책임 있어,” The Hankyoreh, Oct. 7, 2018.

Forced Labor in the News

Cho, Kiwon [조기원]. “반성 없는 미쓰비시…’대법원 판결 따르라’ 일본 시민 외침 외면,” The Hankyoreh, Nov. 30, 2018.
Choe, Sang-Hun. “South Korean Court Orders Mitsubishi of Japan to Pay for Forced Wartime labor,” The New York Times, Nov. 29, 2018.
Dejong, Peter. “Rail Company to Pay Reparations for Mass Deportations of Jews in WWII,” NBC News, Nov. 28, 2018.
De La Baume, MAÏA. “French Railway Formally Apologizes to Holocaust Victims,” The New York Times, Jan. 26, 2011.
“Holocaust Restitution: SNCF Reparations,” Jewish Virtual Library, Sep. 2016.
McCurry, Justin. “‘Comfort women’: Anger as Japan Paper Alters Description of WWII Terms,” The Guardian, Nov. 30, 2018.
Ramzy, Austin. “Mitsubishi Materials Apologizes to Chinese World War II Laborers,” The New York Times, June 2, 2018.
“South Korea’s Top Court Orders Mitsubishi Heavy to Pay Compensation for Wartime Labor,” The Japan Times, Nov. 29, 2018.
Taylor, Adam. “The Forgotten Story of Tens of Thousands of Koreans Who Died in Hiroshima,” The Washington Post, May 24, 2016.
Wallace, Rick. “Mitsubishi’s WWII Victims Keep Fighting,” The Australian, July 24, 2010.
Yoshida, Reiji. “Breaking Down the Issue of Wartime labor that has Rocked Japan-South Korea Ties,” The Japan Times, Nov. 29, 2018.

Korean War and No Gun Ri Massacre in the News

Becker, Elizabeth. “Army Confirms G.I.’s in Korea Killed Civilians,” The New York Times, Jan 12, 2001.
“G.I.’s Tell of a U.S. Massacre in Korean War,” The New York Times, Sept. 30, 1999.
Hasan, Mehdi. “Why Do North Koreans Hate Us? One Reason—They Remember the Korean War,” The Intercept, May 3, 2017.
Kang, Jae-Hoon (강재훈). “노근리에 1달러도 안 와…미국은 부끄러워해야,” The Hankyoreh, July 28, 2018.
Martin, Douglas. “Chung Eun-yong, Who Helped Expose U.S. Killings of Koreans, Dies at 91,” The New York Times, Aug. 24, 2014. “No Gun Ri: Clinton’s Statement,” PBS News, Jan. 12, 2001.

McGraw-Hill Controversy
Academic Joint Statements regarding McGraw-Hill

Dudden, Alexis. “Standing With Historians of Japan.” Perspectives on History, March 1, 2015.
“Joint Statement by Associations of History Scholars and Educators in Japan on the ‘Comfort Women’ Issue.” The Historical Science Society of Japan, May 25, 2015.
“A Joint Statement from Japanese Historians and History Educators on Recent Developments in the Japanese Military’s ‘Comfort Women’ Issue,” Tokyo History-Social Science Research Center, May 30, 2016. “Open Letter in Support of Historians in Japan UPDATED,” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, May 11, 2015.
“Requesting Correction of Factual Errors in McGraw-Hill Textbook.” Group of 19 Japanese Historians, March 17, 2015.
Sand, Jordan. “Open Letter in Support of Historians in Japan,” Association for Asian Studies Annual Meeting, Chicago, May 5, 2015.
“Standing with Historians of Japan,” American Historical Association Annual Meeting, March 15, 2015.
“50 Japanese Academics’ Rebuttal of the 20 American Historians’ Statement,” The Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact, Sept. 4, 2015.

Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past

Fifield, Anna. “U.S. Academics Condemn Japanese Efforts to Revise History of ‘Comfort Women,’” The Washington Post, Feb. 9, 2015.
Johnson, Jesse, and Magdalena Osumi. “Fifty Japanese Scholars Attack McGraw-Hill, U.S. Academics on ‘Comfort women’ Issue,” The Japan Times, Dec. 11, 2015.
Martin, Alexander. “Statements by Japan, Publisher Over Textbook Passage on ‘Comfort Women,” The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 15, 2015.
McCurry, Justin. “Japan Urges US Publisher to Remove Comfort Women from Textbook,” The Guardian, Jan. 15, 2015.

House Resolution 121 (in chronological order)

Expressing the sense of the Congress concerning the maltreatment of United States military and civilian prisoners by the Japanese during World War II, H.Con.Res.176, 104th Congress, 1996.
Expressing the sense of Congress concerning the war crimes committed by the Japanese military during World War II, H.Con.Res. 126, 105th Congress, 1997.
Expressing the sense of Congress concerning the war crimes committed by the Japanese military during World War II, H.Con.Res. 357, 106th Congress, 2000.
Expressing the sense of Congress that the Government of Japan should formally issue a clear and unambiguous apology for the sexual enslavement of young women during colonial occupation of Asia and World War II, known to the world as ``comfort women'', and for other purposes, H.Con.Res.195, 107th Congress, 2001.
Expressing the sense of Congress that the Government of Japan should formally issue a clear and unambiguous apology for the sexual enslavement of young women during colonial occupation of Asia and World War II, known to the world as ``comfort women'', and for other purposes, H.Con.Res.226, 108th Congress, 2003.
Expressing the sense of Congress that the Government of Japan should formally issue a clear and unambiguous apology for the sexual enslavement of young women during colonial occupation of Asia and World War II, known to the world as ``comfort women'', and for other purposes, H.Con.Res.68, 109th Congress, 2005.
Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the Government of Japan should formally acknowledge and accept responsibility for its sexual enslavement of young women, known to the world as "comfort women", during its colonial occupation of Asia and the Pacific Islands from the 1930s through the duration of World War II, and for other purposes, H.Res.759, 109th Congress, 2006.
A resolution expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the Government of Japan should formally acknowledge, apologize, and accept historical responsibility in a clear and unequivocal manner for its Imperial Armed Forces' coercion of young women into sexual slavery, known to the world as "comfort women", during its colonial and wartime occupation of Asia and the Pacific Islands from the 1930s through the duration of World War II, H.Res.121, 120th Congress, 2007.

San Francisco
San Francisco Resolutions Regarding (in chronological order)

SF Board of Supervisors, Resolution urging the government of Japan, on the 50th anniversary of the US-Japan Peace Treaty, to apologize for its wartime atrocities and provide just compensation for the surviving victims of its aggression, Res. 842-01, 2001.
SF Board of Supervisors, Resolution condemning recent statements by Osaka Mayor Toru Hashimoto claiming that the system of sex slavery utilized by Japan in occupied Asian countries from the 1930s through World War II was a military necessity and that there is no proof that the sexual servitude was involuntary and coerced by Japanese authorities, Res. 218-13, 2013.
SF Board of Supervisors, Resolution urging the City and County of San Francisco to establish a memorial for "Comfort Women" and to educate the community about stopping global human trafficking of women and girls, Res. 342-15, 2015.
SF Board of Education, In Support of Countering Human Trafficking and Commercial Exploitation of Children, Res. 158-25A1, 2015.
SF Board of Education, In Support of the Inclusion of the History of Comfort Women into the Statewide History Curriculum, Res. 164- 26A2, 2016.
SF Board of Supervisors, Resolution declaring September 22, 2017, as Comfort Women Day in the City and County of San Francisco, Res. 358-17, 2017.
SF Board of Supervisors, Resolution Authorizing the San Francisco Arts Commission to Accept a Gift of Art, Entitled The "Comfort Women's" Column of Strength, and Accept and Expend a Donation for Maintenance for 20 Years, Res. 415-17, 2017.
SF Board of Supervisors, Resolution denouncing the article, “Contracting for Sex in the Pacific War,” written by J. Mark Ramseyer, of the Japanese Legal Studies at Harvard Law School, which denies the history of sexual enslavement of the hundreds of thousands of women by the Japanese Imperial Army during the Pacific War, Res. 151-21, 2021.

San Francisco and Osaka Sister-City Relationship and the San Francisco Memorial

Birnbaum, Sarah. “In One of His Final Acts as Mayor, Ed Lee Stands Up for ‘Comfort Women,” PRI, Dec. 14, 2017.
Breed, London. Statement from Mayor London Breed on the Sister City Relationship between San Francisco and Osaka, SF City and County, Oct. 4, 2018.
Johnston, Eric. “Osaka’s Leaders Complain About San Francisco ‘Comfort Women’ Statue to U.S. Ambassador Hagerty,” The Japan Times, Sept. 25, 2017.
Knight, Heather. “Japanese Mayor Cuts Ties Between SF and Osaka Over Comfort Women Statue,” San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 3, 2018.
“Osaka Severs Sister-City Ties with San Francisco Over ‘Comfort Women’ Statue,” The Japan Times, Oct. 3, 2018.
“PM Abe Says San Fran Acceptance of ‘Comfort Women’ Statue ‘Deeply Regrettable,” The Mainichi, Nov. 22, 2017.
Sernoffsky, Erin. “Japanese Mayor Says He’ll End SF Sister City Status Over Comfort Women Statue.” SF Gate, Nov. 24, 2017.
“SF Mayor Breed Responds to Osaka Mayor, Comfort Women Row, ” ABC News, Oct. 4, 2018.
“Statement from Mayor London Breed on the Sister City Relationship Between San Francisco and Osaka,” Oct. 4, 2018.

Letters from San Francisco and Osaka Mayors regarding Sister City Relationship (in chronological order)

Yoshimura, Hirofumi. Letter to Mayor Ed Lee, Feb. 1, 2017.
Lee, Edwin. Letter to Mayor Hirofumi Yoshimura, Feb. 3, 2017.
Yoshimura, Hirofumi. Statement to Mayor Ed Lee, Sept. 29, 2017.
Lee, Edwin. Letter to Mayor Hirofumi Yoshimura, Oct. 2, 2017.
Yoshimura, Hirofumi. Letter to Mayor Ed Lee, Nov. 15, 2017.

“Comfort Women” Issues on Video

The Apology. DVD. Directed by Tiffany Hsiung. Icarus Films: Canada, 2016.
Arirang News. “Footage of Korean Women Sexually Enslaved by Japanese Soldiers in WWII Revealed for the First Time.” YouTube video, 2:50. Jul 5, 2017. www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8rihmNrwt8.
Asian Boss. “Meet Estelita Dy: A Filipino Comfort Woman Survivor,” YouTube video, 4:12. Nov. 13, 2019. www.youtube.com/ watch?v=j7FXmsLBqNI&t=54s.
Breaking the History of Silence: The Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan’s Military Sexual Slavery. Video Juku. VAWW-NET (Violence Against Women in War Network): Japan, 2001.
“Jung, Seo-Woon. Herstory*” YouTube video, 10:54. Feb. 15, 2013. www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYjXIye73ks.
*Seo-Woon Jung (b. Korea, 1924–2004) narrates her experiences as a “comfort woman”
KBS, “일본군 위안부 피해자 구출 영상 전체 공개 (video showing rescued ‘comfort women’ in Songshan, Yunnan province, China).” YouTube video, 2:38. May 29, 2020. www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Rdx-b8PvgM.
The Korean Council and Seoul Metropolitan Government. “Butterfly, Transforms Into Peace and Fly.” YouTube video, 7:40. 2018. www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ReXSIegpH4.
The Korean Council and Seoul Metropolitan Government. “Never forget (Halmonis’ voices).” YouTube video, 8:35. 2018. www. youtube.com/watch?v=nq5HUrG4-lY.
The Korean Council and Seoul Metropolitan Government. “Wednesday is for Peace.” YouTube video, 7:12. 2018. www.youtube. com/watch?v=DsLNUhMLbIU.
Living With Memory. DVD. Directed by Toshikuni Doi. Japan: 2015.
My Name is Kim Bok-Dong. Directed by Won-geun Song. South Korea: 2019.
Seoul Metropolitan Government. “일본군의 조선인 위안부 학살 영상, ‘Comfort Women’ Video.” YouTube video, 0:18. Feb 27, 2018. www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlakpUUyTM8.
Shusenjo. Directed by Miki Dezaki. Japan: 2019.
Thirty Two. DVD. Directed by Ke Guo. China: 2013.
Tootlewootle. “Former comfort woman Lee Yong-Su confronts foreign ministry official.” YouTube video, 2:16. Dec. 30, 2018. www. youtube.com/watch?v=cjLqo4T8NXY&t=3s.

Additional Resources